In what kind of applications is non-volatile memory typically used?

Non-volatile memory is specifically designed for storing data long-term, which is why this choice is the correct one. Unlike volatile memory, which loses its stored information when power is turned off, non-volatile memory retains its contents, making it ideal for applications that require persistent storage. This includes scenarios such as storing firmware, operating system files, and user data, all of which need to be preserved even when the device is powered down.

In contrast, other options describe functions that are typically associated with volatile memory or temporary data handling. Executing temporary processes, managing active read/write operations, and caching frequently accessed data usually rely on the speed of volatile memory, which can be accessed and modified quickly but does not save data after a power loss. Thus, the role of non-volatile memory in long-term data retention stands out as its primary application.